Brand new cousin repaired outcomes establish 65% of your variation in the studies within shot
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
Inside our shot there are 676 sisters, out of just who 302 was basically ple (because they are from a family where at least one girl are married very early) enjoys fathers having rather down instructional attainment, are more likely to getting Muslim, and are generally prone to live-in outlying areas
When we speak about this new the amount that province and you can community fixed effects take differences in societal and you may economic downside by examining their power to establish variation for the educational attainment, we discover the town fixed outcomes explain more 30% associated with variation, much more versus step three% told me because of the province repaired consequences. A lot of adaptation are but not inside villages.
We basic expose estimations that control for province*time-wave FE right after which town*time-revolution FE. I upcoming wade one step subsequent from the presenting abilities in which i https://brightwomen.net/fi/kuumat-brasilialaiset-naiset/ imagine sister fixed consequences activities where coefficients is estimated out of evaluations off siblings, certainly one of whom had partnered early additionally the most other whom did maybe not. It assessment controls for all family members characteristics, one another observable and unobservable, experienced because of the sisters e.grams., household members history. Which however significantly reduces the fresh sample. This type of email address details are ergo best-read to be appropriate in order to households of much more traditional and lower socio-monetary homes. Footnote 10
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.